NEED  0^ 

THE 

0;y  op /Hew York 

 'FOR'  

MQRE  WATER 

ftisp  Where  it  Can 

i^EST  ^E  OBTAINEP. 


Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


'1 


Water  is  necessary  for 
the  advancement  of  civili- 
zation as  well  as  for  the 
growth  of  cities. as  civil- 
ization becomes  more 
complex  it  demands  a 
more  liberal  use  of 
water  on  the  part  of 
each  individual.  as  a  citv  grows  it  re- 
quires more  water  just  as  rapidly  as 

ITS  POPULATION  AND  INDUSTRIES  INCREASE. 

THE  PRINCIPLES  WHICH  GOVERN  THE  DE- 
TERMINATION OF  HOW  MUCH  WATER  A  GIVEN 
SUPPLY  WILL  YIELD, OF  HOW  MUCH  WATER  IS 
REQUIRED  BY  A  CITY  AND  WHERE  MORE  WA- 
TER IF  NEEDED  CAN  BE  OBTAIN  ED,  ARE  ALL 
SUSCEPTIBLE  OF  BEING  SIMPLY  AND  CLEARLY 
EXPRESSED.  THE  PURPOSE  OF  THIS  PAMPHLET 
IS  TO  SO  STATE  THESE  MATTERS 
THAT  THE  LAYMAN, WHO 
IS  NOT  FAMILIAR  WITH 
7>j    ENGINEERING  TERMS, 
QJ  WILL  HAVE  NO  TROUBLE 
IN  READING  IT  AND  WILL 
AT  THE  SAME  TIME  BE 
BROUGHT  TO  A  BETTER  UNDER 
STANDING  OF  THE  SUBJECT 


? 


1 


'What  AVater  Is  Used  For 

Water  is  used  for  drink 
washing  and  bathing.  it  is 
used  for  sprinkling  our 
streets  and  lawns  and( 
for  putting  out  fires, 
it  is  used  in  factories,  <t 
in  breweries  and  in  boil- 
ers for  driving  locomotives, 
elevators  and  the  dynamos  which  furnish 
our  light  as  well  as  the  power  for  operat- 
ing our  subways, our  elevated  and  our  sur- 
face cars.  it  is  used  for  cooking,for  making 
concrete  and  in  automobiles.  it  is  used  as 
a  vehicle  for  carrying  away  our  wastes 


AND  SEWAGE  .  IT  IS  USED  EVERY  DAY  OF  EVERY 
YEAR  BY  EVERY  MAN  .WOMAN  AND  CHILD.  It  IS 
USED  IN  EVERY  HOME ,  FACTORY,  MILL  AND  SHOP 
FOR  THE  THOUSAND  AND  ONE  PURPOSES  FOR 
WHICH  NATURE  HAS  MADE  IT  SERVICEABLE  AND 

NECESSARY,  AND  FOR 
WHICH  CIVILIZATION 
AND  THE  HEALTH  OF 
THE  COMMUNITY  DE- 
MAND THAT  IT  BE 
USED  AND  USED 
LIBERALLY. 


Where  Water  Comes  From 

Water  comes  from  the 
clouds  in  the  form  ofrainv 
This  is  the  source  of  all 
fresh  water  whether  it 
be  found  flowing  in  a 
stream  or  at  the  bottom 
of  a  well.  the  rain  after  fall- 
ing onto  the  ground  runs  down  s  & 
to  the  nearest  stream, then  into  the 
larger  stream  and,  finally,  is  lost  in 
the  ocean . 

Not  all  of  the  rain  which  falls  gets 


4V 


•  •  >        ,.•  I    if  % 

* — w  *  "  ^**M£NS 

.....  -t^£-v^  *y 

INTO  THE  NEAREST  STRE 

SOMEOF  IT,  WHICH  SOAKS  INTO  THE  ^^P^F^ 
GROUND,  DOES  FINALLY  GET  THERE  AFTER  REAP 
PEARING  IN  SPRINGS,BUT  MORE  OF  IT  IS  USED  UP 
BY  THE  GRASS  AND  THE  TREES, AND  MUCH  OF  IT 

SIMPLY  DRIES  UP  OR  EVAPO- 
RATES. ONLY  ONE  HALF  of 
ALL  THE  RAIN  THAT  FALLS 
GETS  INTO  THE  STREAMS 
AND  CAN  BE  MADE  USEFUL 
FOR  THE  PURPOSES  OF  MAN. 


How  Much  Rain  Falls 


if  all  of  the  rain  which 
falls  should  remain  on 
the  ground  and  not  run 
into  the  streams, in  an 
average  year  it  would,ln 
the  vicinity  of  new  york, 
accumulate  to  a  depth  of 
48  inches.  In  a  verv  dry 
year  it  would  only  be  37 
inches  deep  while  in  a  wet  one  63  "inches 
would  pile  up.  This  variation  is  shown  in 

the  sketches  on  this  page, 
now,  sometimes  two 
dry  years  come  together; 
sometimes  three, four  or 
^flve  years  may  be  consec- 
utively dry,  and  there 
^?^^wj^-may  occur  as  many  as  18 
-         ~-  years  in  succession  during 
which  the  rainfall  will  be  less  than 
the  average  .  so  also  there  may  occur 
as  many  as  18  consecutive  years  during 
which  the  rainfall  will  be 

GREATER  THAN  THE  f~ \, 
AVERAGE.  ^^^p|? 

Reservoirs  are 

BUILT  FOR  THE  PURPOSE  ~^fp^ 
OF  EQUALIZING  THIS  LACK  OF 

UNIFORMITY  BY  STORING  THE  WATER  OF  WET 
TIMES  TO  HELP  OUT  DURING  THOSE  WHICH  ARE  DRY 


How  Much  ^ater  Flows  in  a  Stream 


The  amount  of  water  which 
flows  in  a  stream  depends 
on  the  rainfall.  in  wet 
years  there  is  much  . 
in  drv  years  there 
is  little. 

In  summer  when 
the  temperature  is 
high  and  when  the 
trees  and  grass  are 
growing  vigorously,  much  less  of  the 
rainfall  gets  into  the  streams  than  in 
winter  when  it  is  cold  and  vegetation  is 
not  growing  .  taking  the  year  as  a  whole 
one  half  of  all  the  rainfall  flows  down 
a  stream  and  the  quantity  which  flows 
is  dependent  on  the  size  of  the  area 
which  the  stream  drains. 

a  stream  which  drains  one  square  mile 
of  country  may  have  a  flow, 
during  f r esh ets, as  high  as 
_  45,000  gallons  per  min- 
ute; during  dry  times 
its  flow  may  be  as  lit- 
tle as  30  gallons  per 
minute, while  its  aver- 
age flow  for  an  aver- 
age year  will  be  800 
gallons  per  minute, 


I ;     How  "Water  Can  Be  Gotten 

\\  Water  for  a  municipal  supply  may  be 

j i  obtained  by  building  a  dam  across  a  stream, 

j!  so  forming  a  reservoir  and  from  this  reser- 

j!  voir  then  leading  a  pipe  to  the  city  or 

j!  town.  it  may  also  be  obtained  by  digging 

j!  wells  and  pumping  from  them. this  how~ 

]!  ever  can  only  be  done  in  sandy  soil. 
\\  a  reservoir  is  necessary  for  the  pur- 

j !  pose  of  equalizing  the  flow  of  the  stream 

j !  by  storing  the  water  which  comes  down 

j!  during  wet  times  to  tide  over  those  times 

\  \  which  are  dry.  there  are  very  few  streams 

[ 1  large  enough  to  at  all  times  furnish  as 

]!  much  water  as  a  city  of  the  size  of  new  york 

||  needs  each  and  every  day  of  the  year.  a 

j!  stream  large  enough  for  such  service 

j!  would  be  over  20  times  as  large  as  the 

j!  Croton  River  . 

j!  When  water  is  pumped  from  wells, 

|!  THE  SANDY  BODY  OF  EARTH  WHICH  HOLDS  THE 

j!  WATER  ACTS  AS  THE  EQUALIZER  OR  RESER- 

j|  VOIR, BUT  NO  MORE  WATER  CAN  BE  OBTAINED 

|!  FROM  WELLS  THAN  FROM  A  STREAM  WHICH 

j>  HAS  BEEN  DAMMED.  THIS  IS  TRUE  BECAUSE 

J !  IF  THE  AREAS  OF  COUNTRY  DRAINED  BY  THE 

|!  STREAM  AND  THE  WELLS  ARE  THE  SAME,THEN 

ji  THE  TOTAL  AMOUNT  OF  RAIN  FALLING  IS  THE 

\\  SAME,AND, SINCE  ALL  FRESH  WATER  COMES 

\\  FROM  THE  CLOUDS  IN  THE  FORM  OF  RAIN , THE 

|!  STREAM  AND  THE  WELLS  WILL  YIELD  ALIKE. 


/ 


6 


; :       How  'Water  Is  Measured 

Water  can  be  measured  by  yji 

CATCHING  IT  IN  A  PAIL  OR  A  BOX.  AffiK^ 
IT  CAN  BE  MEASURED  IN  A  RES-  M 
ERVOIR  WHEN  THE  SIZE  OF  THE^X|  jt 

reservoir  is  known  or  3y    ^  '  ~ 
allowing  it  to  flow  over  a 
dam  and  measuring  its  depth  on  that  dam. 
The  unit  of  measurement  is  the  gallon, 
two  pints  make  one  quart,  four  quarts 

MAKE  ONE  GALLON  .  In  WATER  SUPPLY  ENGI- 
neering the  unit  is  one  million  of  gallons. 

Rainfall  is  measured  by  catching  it 
in  a  vessel  and  measuring  its  depth  in 
that  vessel. 

When  the  area  of  country  which  drains 
into  a  stream  is  known  and  the  rainfall 
on  it  has  been  measured,  the  whole  quan- 
tity of  water  which  fell  in  the  form  of 
rain  becomes  known. 

Measurements  of  the  water  which 
flows  in  astream,when  compared  with 
the  quantity  of  water  which  falls  as 
rain, prove  that  only  one  half  of  all 
the  rain  which  falls  finds  its  way  into 

the  streams  .the  other 
half  goes  to  supply 
the  needs  of  vegeta- 
tion and  is  carried 
off  into  the  atmos- 
phere by  evaporation. 

I 


How  Rapidly  NewYork  Grows 

Since  1900  the  greater  city  has  been 
growing  at  the  rate  of  125,000  persons  per 
year.  in  other  words  this  rate  of  increase 
in  population  means  that  each  decade  sees 
an  increase  of  1,250,000. 

Should  this  rate  be  maintained  the  pop- 
ulation OF  the  city  for  the  next  20  YEARS, 
stated  by  five  year  periods.will  BE  AS 

follows:-  1910  .4,625,000 

1915.  5,250,000 

1920  5,875,000 

1925.  6,500,000 

1930.  7,125,000 

The  present  population  of  Jersey  City, 
with  which  all  New  Yorkers  are  more  or 
less  familiar, is  about  250,000  .At  New 
York's  present  rate  of  growth  therefore, 
each  two  years  sees  it  as  much  larger  as 
all  of  Jersey  City  is  today. 

How  long  this  rate  of  increase  will.or  can 

BE  MAINTAINED  NO  ONE  KNOWS.  ALL  OF  THE  LAR~ 

ger  American  cities  are  rapidly  increasing 
in  size  and  at  approximately  the  same  rate. 

as  long  as  there  is  an  incentive  for 
growth, and  sufficient  room  in  which  that 
growth  can  occur, a  city  must  continue 

TO  INCREASE  .  Of  ROOM  NEW  YORK  HAS  A  PLEN-  \\ 

TY,  WHILE  OF  INCENTIVE,  IT  IS  DIFFICULT  TO  j! 

CONCEIVE  THAT  THE  FUTURE  WILL  HOLD  LESS  jl 

OF  IT  THAN  HAS  THE  PAST.  jj 


How  Much  Wat  er  Newark:  Uses 

^^^^^ 

The  entire  consumption  of  water  in  the 
greater  city  was, in  1898,  368  millions  of 
gallons  each  day  and  in  1905  it  had  reached  i 

A  TOTAL  OF  480  MILLIONS  OF  GALLONS  DAILY.  j[ 

The  use  of  water  during  1908  will  be  X 

DIVIDED  AMONG  THE  VARIOUS  BOROUGHS  AP-  ]| 
PROXIMATELY  AS  FOLLOWS;  ji 

MANHATTAN) OCQ  j! 
BRONX        ]358  millions  of  gallons  daily  J, 

BROOKLYN  145   j! 

QUEENS.  30       "  «         -  ]! 

R1CHMQNQ..„.„,I0    \\ 

Total  543  millions  of  gallons  daily  5 

The  per  capita  use  of  water  for  the  \ 

greater  city  in  1898  was  115  gallons  per  i 

day  and  in  1905  each  person  used  120  gal  t 
lons  each  dav. 

In  arriving  at  these  figures  for  the 
per  capita  consumption, no  account  is 

taken  either  of  the  transient  popula-  < 

tion  or  of  the  large  number  of  commu-  j| 

ters  who  each  day  come  into  the  city  from  \ 

Connecticut, from  New  Jersey  and  from  j[ 

New  York  outside  the  city  limits. The  to-  jj 

TAL  CONSUMPTION  FOR  THE  CITY  THEREFORE  \ 
HAS  BEEN  INCREASING  AT  THE  RATE  OF  A~ 
BOUT  18  MILLIONS  OF  GALLONS  DAILY  EACH 
YEAR  AND  IT  IS  SEEN  ALSO  THAT  THIS  RATE  1 
HAS  BEEN  STEADILY  MAINTAINED  FOR  THE 
PAST  TEN  YEARS. 


How  Much^Vater  Other  Cities  Use 


The  use  of  water  in  an  American  city 
must  be  judged  by  american  standards. 

In  the  following  diagram  are  shown 
graphically  the  amounts  of  water  used 
per  capita  in  the  nine  largest  cities  of 
the  United  States. 


BUFFALO  1906 


PHILADELPHIA  1906 


CHICAGO  1906 


CINCINNATI  1906 


BOSTON  1906 


CLEVELAND  06 


NEW  YORK  '05 


o 

CO 


CM 


BALTIMORC'06 


ST.  LOUISA 


o 


0 


100  200  300  350 

GALLONS  PER  CAPITA  PER  DAY 


It  is  seen  thereforejhat  in  its  use 
of  water, New  York  is  not  extravagant, 
but  on  the  contrary, that  it  is  one  of  the 
most  economical  among  those  cities  bv 

WHICH  IT  CAN  MOST  FAIRLY  BE  JUDGED. 

These  figures  cover  all  water  delivered 

TO  THE  VARIOUS  CITIES,  AND  INCLUDE  THERE- 
FORE THAT  USED  FOR  EVERY  PURPOSE  AS  WELL 
AS  THAT  WHICH  IS  LOST  FROM  LEAKY  PIPES, 
THAT  WHICH  IS  STOLEN  AND  THAT  WHICH  IS  WAST- 
ED,WHETHER  WILFULLY  OR  THROUGH  IGNORANCE. 


How  Much  Water  Is  Wasted 

Water  waste  is  of  two  kinds,that  which  is 
preventable  and  that  which  will  occur  un- 
DER THE  BEST  OF  CONDITIONS  AND  MANAGEMENT. 

Preventable  waste  includes  wilful  waste 
such  as  that  due  to  "letting  the  water  runv 
whet  hereto  keep  the  pipes  from  freezing" 

OR  IN  ORDER"TO  GET  A  COOL  DRINK*!  It  INCLUDES 
ALSO  EXCESSIVE  LEAKAGE  WHICH 
COULD  READILY  BE  PRE- 
VENTED IN  AQUEDUCTS, 
IN  STREET  MAINS  AND 
IN  PLUMBING  EVERY- 
WHERE. 

Waste  which  cannot 
easily  be  prevented 
includes  necessary 
waste  which  results 
from  the  use  of  water  for 
sanitary  purposes,and  also  that  due  to  the 
thousand  and  one  small  leaks  in  aqueducts, 
mains  and  plumbing  which  cannot  be  discovered 
and  repaired  by  any  possible  means . 

If  meters  were  put  on  every  pipe  in  the 

CITY  IT  IS  IMPROBABLE  THAT  THE  SAVING  EFFECTED 
COULD  EXCEED  15%  OF  THE  PRESENT  CONSUMPTION. 

Universal  metering,even  if  it  were  pos- 
sible.could  not  make  more  water  available. 

IT  COULD  ONLY  MAKE  THE  PRESENT  SUPPLIES 
LAST  LONGER, AND  FINALLY  MORE  WATER  WOULD 
BE  NECESSARY  JUST  THE  SAME 


Capacity  of  Present  Croton  System 

Croton  water  was  used  by  Manhattan 
and  the  Bronx  during  1907  at  the  rate 
of  324  millions  of  gallons  daily.  the 
consumption  of  this  water  is  increasing 
at  the  rate  of  15  millions  of  gallons 
daily  each  year  .  therefore,  in  1911  the 
average  daily  use  of  this  water  will 
be  384  millions  of  gallons  daily. 

the  capacity  of  the  present  aqueducts 
from  the  Croton  valley, taken  both  to- 
gether ,  IS  380  MILLIONS  OF  GALLONS  DAILY, 

the  safe  yield  of  the  croton  as  it  will  be 
when  the  Croton  Falls  reservoir  is  com- 
pleted IS  336  MILLIONS  OF  GALLONS  DAILY. 

It  appears,therefore,that  the  pres- 
ent USE  OF  WATER  FROM  THIS  SOURCE  IS 
PRACTICALLY  UP  TO  THE  LIMIT  OF  ITS  CAPA-  > 
CITY  AND  THAT  WITHIN  FOUR  YEARS,  IF  NO  t 
DRY  TIME  INTERVENES, AND  NO  MATTER  HOW  j[ 
WET  THE  SEASONS  MAY  THEN  BE, THAT  THE 
AQUEDUCTS  WILL  BE  TAXED  TO  THEIR  UT- 
most in  order  to  supply  the  demand. 

When  this  condition  arises  the  time  will 
have  come  when  the  use  of  water  must  $ 
be  curtailed  by  denying  it  to  the  people  $ 
who  will  need  it  and, needing f  demand  it.  { 

This  time  is  but  four  years  hence  and 
unless  Providence  sends.during  the  in- 


tervening YEARS,  A  PLENTY  OF  RAIN^T  WILL 

BE  IN  OUR  MIDST  EVEN  SOONER.  't 

\ 


More  Water from  the  Croton  River? 


i 

i! 


Each  of  these  small  squares  repre- 
sents ONE -NINTH  OF  ALL  THE  WATER  WHICH 
FLOWS  IN  THE  CROTON  RlVER.THESE  NINE 
SQUARES  THERE  FOR  EjREPRESENT,  IN  THE 
ONE  LARGE  SQUARE  ALL  OF  THE  WATER 
WHICH  CAN  POSSIBLY  BE  GOTTEN  FROM  THAT 
RIVER  .THE  RECORDS  OF  THE  PAST  40  YEARS 
SHOW  CONCLUSIVELY  THAT  THERE  IS  NO  MORE 

than  this . 

the  eight  shaded  squares  represent 
that  portion  of  all  the  water  which  new 
York  can  take  from  the  Croton  River 
through  its  present  pipes  when  the  reser- 
voirs now  under  construction  are  completed,  f 

TO  GET  THIS  EIGHT-NINTHS  OF  ALL  THE  WA- 
TER the  Croton  can  furnish  has  cost  a 

CAPITAL  EXPENDITURE  OF  $87,400,000. 


13 


1 


More  \VkrER  from  the  Crotw  River? 


The  one  square  which  is  unshaded  rep- 
resents THE  WATER  WHICH  NOW  GOES  TO 
WASTE  OVER  THE  CROTON  DAM  .  To  MAKE  THIS 
WATER  AVAILABLE  FOR  THE  USE  OF  THE  CITY 
WOULD  REQUIRE  A  FURTHER  CAPITAL  EXPENDI- 
TURE of  $  145,000,000 . 

iT  SEEMS  CURIOUS  THAT  TO  GET  THIS  SEEM- 
INGLY SMALL  QUANTITY  OF  WATER  SHOULD  NE- 
CESSITATE SUCH  A  LARGE  EXPENDITURE  ,BUT 
WHEN  IT  IS  REMEMBERED  THAT  THE  RECORDS 
SHOW  THAT  FOR  18  CONSECUTIVE  YEARS  THE 
FLOW  OF  THE  RIVER  MAY  BE  FAR  BELOW  THE 
AVERAGE,  IT  IS  EASILY  SEEN  THAT  TO  TIDE 
OVER  SUCH  A  DRY  PERIOD  WOULD  REQUIRE 
ENORMOUS  RESERVOIRS.  SUCH  RESERVOIRS 
ARE  EXPENSIVE  IN  A  POPULOUS  COUNTRY 
WHERE  LAND  VALUES  ARE  HIGH. 


14  i 

Other  Possible  Sources  of  Supply  \ 

1 .  The  Esopus, Schoharie, Rondout  and 
Catskill  Creeks  in  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains WHERE  500  MILLION  GALLONS  DAILV 

can  be  obtained  at  a  cost  of  *  161,000,000  . 

2  .  The  Housatonic, Delaware  and  Susque- 
hanna Rivers  are  physically  possible  as 
sources  of  supply  but  they  are  interstate 
waters  and  th erefore  cannot  be  utilized. 

3.  The  Croton  River  by  legislative  en- 
actment CANNOT  BE  FURTHER  DEVELOPED, 
AND  FOR  THIS  SAME  REASON  THE  OTHER 
STREAMS  OF  WESTCHESTER  CoUNTY,AS  WELL 
AS  ALL  THOSE  OF  DUTCHESS  COUNTY, STAND 
i     UNAVAILABLE  .THE  SAME  OBJECTION  TOO,NOW 
$     PREVENTS  GOING  FOR  WATER  TO  THE  SANDS 

t    of  Suffolk  County  on  Long  Island. 
i      4.  The  Great  Lakes, the  Hudson  River 
and  the  Adirondack  region  offer  avail: 
able  supplies.  but  the  great  distance 
to  the  adirondacks  renders  the  cost 
of  getting  it  excessive.  Water  from  the 
Hudson  River  would  have  to  be  pumped 
and  so  its  cost  would  be  greater  than 
that  of  a  supply  flowing  naturally  to 
the  city, even  if  it  were  necessary  to 
go  200  miles  in  order  to  obtain  it.  t 

5.  Aside  from  a  few  small  streams 
west  of  the  Hudson  which  are  hardly 
worth  developing  asa  perm  an  ent  supply, 
there  are  no  others. 


WW 


15 

Does  New  York  Need  More 'Water?  : 

^^^^ 

The  consumption  of  water  in  the  great- 
er CITY  DURING  1905  WAS  480  MILLIONS  OF  GAL 

lons  each  day.  the  city  is  growing  at  the 
yearly  rate  of  125,000.  the  use  of  water 
has  been  keeping  pace  with  this  increase 
at  the  rate  of  18  million  gallons  daily. 

The  safe  yield  of  all  the  present 
sources  of  supply  is  not  in  excess  of  500 
million  gallons  daily.  brooklyn  has  al- 
ready been  in  an  unpleasant  situation  a 
number  of  times  in  years  not  extremely  dry. 

in  1912  the  demand  for  croton  water 
will  exceed  the  capacity  of  the  present 
aqueducts, and  in  the  event  of  a  dry  period 
before  then, the  borough  of  manhattan 
will  surely  experience  a  water  famine. 

Richmond  has  practically  exhausted 
her  resources  and  has  failed  in  her  efforts 
to  obtain  relief  from  new  jersey. 

Queens  is  largely  dependent  on  pri- 
vate WATER  COMPANIES;  HER  DEMAND  IS  IN- 
CREASING RAPIDLY  AND  THE  SUPPLY  IS  NOT 
OVERABUNDANT. 

THE  NEEDS  OF  THE  FUTURE  MUST  BE 
PROVIDED  FOR  IN  THE  PRESENT  SINCE  OTHER- 
WISE GROWTH  MUST  CEASE  .  EVERY  FACT, 
FIGURE  AND  ARGUMENT  WHICH  CAN  BE  AD- 
VANCED SHOWS  THAT  NEW  YORK  DOES 
NEED  MORE  WATER  AND  THAT  SHE  NEEDS 
IT  BADLY. 


ll 


1 1 

if*- 


A  Plaint  Question 

THECROTON  RIVER  WHEN 
DEVELOPED  AS  NOW  CONTEM- 
PLATED WILL  YIELD  FOR  THE 
USE  OF  THE  CITY  336  MILLIONS 
OF  GALLONS  DAILY.  THIS  CAN  BE 

REPRESENTED  BY  SEVEN  BAR-   

RELS  WHICH  COST  $87,400,000. 


TO  TAKE  EVERY  DROP  OF 
WATER  FROM  THE  CROTON  WILL 
YIELD  ONLY  4-6  MILLIONS  OF 
GALLONS  MORE  EACH  DAY. THIS 
CAN  BE  REPRESENTED  BY  ONE 
BARREL  COSTING  #  145,000,000. 


FROM  THE  CATSKILLS  250 
MILLIONS  OF  GALLONS  DAILY  CAN 
BE  BROUGHT  TO  THE  CITY  LIMITS 
AT  A  COST  OF  *  102,000,000. THIS 
CAN  BE  SHOWN  BY  FIVE  BARRELS. 

THIS  250  MILLIONS  OF  GALLONS 
DAILY  AND  250  MILLIONS  MORE, 
CAN  EACH  DAY  BE  FILTERED  AND 
DELIVERED  INTO  THE  BOROUGHS 
OF  THE  GREATER  CITY  FOR  AN 
ADDITIONAL  EXPENDITURE  OF 
ft 59,000,000. THIS  CAN  ALSO  BE 
REPRESENTED  BY  FIVE  BARRELS. 

-:THE  QUESTION  - 
Which  do  YOU  think  is  the  cheaper,  10 

BARRELS  OF  WATER  COSTING  ft  161,000,000 
OR  I  BARREL  COSTING  ft  145,000,000  ? 

LITmO.  BY  CMAS   HART    3£  VESE  f  ST  N  K 


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